Sheikh Sameer
Pakistan’s history of sponsoring terrorism has far-reaching and multifaceted counter-effects, both domestically and internationally. This article delves into the complex web of consequences that arise from state-sponsored terrorism, examining the social, economic, and political repercussions that Pakistan faces. This analysis highlights how the very strategy intended to wield power and influence has backfired, creating a host of unintended and often devastating outcomes.
Pakistan’s involvement in sponsoring terrorism dates back several decades, with its roots in the geopolitical struggles of South Asia. During the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan, with support from the United States and Saudi Arabia, played a pivotal role in arming and training the Mujahideen to combat Soviet forces. However, the end of this conflict did not see a cessation of militant activities. Instead, Pakistan redirected its focus towards India, particularly in the Kashmir region, and began main sponsor of the militant groups. Since then, the Kashmir witness’s violence and terror attacks. It has not been limited upto the Indian side of Kashmir only but the terrorism has now engulfed their illegally occupied Kashmir too. Because PoK has been the main base to spread terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir, the radicalised people living there became the bigots and think that they can do anything. The impact is too much devastating in that part too because the terror attacks, the killings and the demonstrations have become a new normal there.
The most significant domestic counter-effect of Pakistan’s sponsorship of terrorism is the widespread societal instability. The influx of extremist ideologies and militant groups has deeply polarized Pakistani society, leading to a culture of violence and intolerance. The deadliest attacks on religious gatherings, the schools and other assemblies exemplify the impact of sponsorship of terrorism. The rise of groups like Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) exemplifies this instability. The TTP, an umbrella organization of various militant factions, has carried out numerous attacks within Pakistan, targeting civilians, military personnel, and government installations. Notable incidents include the 2014 Peshawar school massacre, where over 140 schoolchildren and staff members were killed, highlighting the severe internal threat posed by these extremist elements.
The continuous state of unrest and the frequent terrorist attacks have significantly hampered Pakistan’s economic growth. The cost of counter-terrorism measures, loss of investor confidence, and destruction of infrastructure have collectively drained the nation’s resources. The instability caused by terrorism has led to a volatile business environment, discouraging both local and foreign investments. Businesses are reluctant to invest in regions prone to terrorist attacks due to the increased risk and uncertainty, leading to a decline in economic activities and job opportunities. According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2019-20, the country has suffered economic losses amounting to approximately $126.79 billion since 2001 due to terrorism. These losses encompass direct costs such as damage to property and infrastructure, and indirect costs like reduced foreign direct investment and tourism revenues. The destruction of infrastructure has necessitated substantial spending on reconstruction and repair, diverting funds from other critical areas such as education and healthcare.
Moreover, the adverse effects on the tourism industry have been profound. Pakistan, with its rich cultural heritage and natural beauty, has tremendous potential for tourism. However, the constant threat of terrorist activities has deterred tourists, resulting in a significant loss of revenue. The decline in tourism has had a ripple effect on related sectors, including hospitality, transportation, and retail, further exacerbating the economic downturn. In addition to these financial losses, the psychological impact of terrorism on the workforce cannot be overlooked. The pervasive fear and insecurity hinder productivity and innovation, as individuals and businesses prioritize safety over growth and expansion. This environment stifles entrepreneurial initiatives and leads to a brain drain, with skilled professionals seeking opportunities in safer and more stable countries.
Pakistan’s association with terrorist activities has led to increasing diplomatic isolation on the global stage. Numerous countries and international organizations have condemned its actions, leading to strained relations and reduced influence in international affairs. Pakistan has faced several sanctions and restrictions from international bodies such as the Financial Action Task Force in 2018, FATF placed Pakistan on its grey list, citing deficiencies in combating money laundering and terrorist financing. This designation has made it challenging for Pakistan to secure financial aid and loans from global financial institutions. The sponsorship of terrorism has exacerbated the already volatile relationship between Pakistan and India. Cross-border terrorism, particularly in the Kashmir region, has led to numerous skirmishes and heightened military tensions, creating a perpetual state of insecurity. This ongoing conflict has not only strained diplomatic ties but also led to significant human and economic costs for both nations. The constant threat of terrorist infiltration and attacks has necessitated a substantial military presence along the border, diverting resources from development to defense.
The 2008 Mumbai attacks, and the 2019 Pulwama attack orchestrated by the Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba, and Jaish-e- Mohammad resulted in the deaths of 166 people and left hundreds injured and deaths of 40 security personels. These incident severely damaged Indo-Pak relations, leading to a freeze in diplomatic dialogue and increased military vigilance along the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir.
The fallout from these attacks extended beyond immediate security concerns, impacting bilateral trade, cultural exchanges, and people-to-people contacts. The escalation of military posturing and rhetoric has further polarized public opinion in both countries, fostering an environment of mistrust and animosity. The suspension of peace talks and collaborative initiatives has hindered opportunities for economic cooperation and regional stability. As a result, the enduring hostility and periodic flare-ups of violence continue to impede progress towards a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue and broader regional peace.
The activities of militant groups have forced thousands of people to flee their homes, creating a refugee crisis both within Pakistan and in neighboring countries. This displacement has led to severe humanitarian challenges, including inadequate access to food, shelter, and healthcare. The Pakistani military operations against militant strongholds in regions like North Waziristan have led to the displacement of over a million people. Reports from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) indicate that these internally displaced persons (IDPs) often face dire living conditions, with limited access to basic amenities and services. Many IDPs live in overcrowded camps or temporary shelters, lacking sufficient clean water, sanitation, and medical care. This protracted displacement situation has strained local resources and intensified social tensions in host communities, further complicating efforts to provide effective humanitarian aid.
The pervasive influence of extremist groups has also led to widespread human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, forced disappearances, and suppression of free speech. The fear of retribution from militant groups has stifled political dissent and journalistic freedom. The case of activist and journalist Saleem Shahzad, who was abducted and murdered in 2011, underscores the dangerous environment for those who speak out against terrorism and extremism in Pakistan. His death, believed to be linked to his reporting on the infiltration of militants into Pakistan’s military, highlighted the severe risks faced by journalists and human rights activists. The entanglement with terrorist groups has significantly weakened Pakistan’s state institutions, particularly its judiciary and law enforcement agencies. The pervasive corruption and intimidation by militant groups have undermined the rule of law and eroded public trust in government institutions. Numerous reports, including those from Transparency International, indicate a high level of corruption within Pakistan’s police and judicial systems. The inability to effectively prosecute terrorists and the frequent interference of militant groups in legal processes have further weakened the state’s authority.
The continuous threat of terrorism has justified the military’s dominant role in Pakistan’s political and economic affairs. This dominance has often come at the expense of democratic institutions, leading to repeated interruptions of civilian rule and the undermining of democratic processes,The frequent military coups in Pakistan’s history, with the most recent one in 1999, have often been justified by the need to maintain security and stability in the face of internal threats. The military’s pervasive influence in politics continues to overshadow civilian governance, affecting the development of democratic institutions.
Pakistan’s strategy of using terrorism as a tool of state policy has inadvertently contributed to the global proliferation of terrorist networks. The training, resources, and ideological support provided to militant groups have enabled them to expand their reach beyond South Asia, affecting global security. The presence of global jihadist figures like Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, who was found and killed in Abbottabad in 2011, underscores the country’s role as a sanctuary for international terrorists. The capture of high-profile terrorists in Pakistan has repeatedly highlighted its significance as a hub for global terrorism. Facing mounting international pressure, Pakistan has undertaken several counter-terrorism initiatives, often with the assistance of foreign countries and organizations. These efforts aim to dismantle terrorist networks and curb the influence of militant groups within its borders.
The Pakistan military’s Operation Zarb-e-Azb, launched in 2014, targeted militant strongholds in North Waziristan. According to military reports, this operation resulted in the deaths of over 3,400 militants and significantly disrupted terrorist infrastructure. However, the sustainability and effectiveness of such operations remain under scrutiny. Recognizing the need for a comprehensive approach to counter terrorism, Pakistan has initiated several internal reforms, including educational and economic initiatives aimed at addressing the root causes of extremism. These efforts focus on promoting moderate and inclusive ideologies to counter the appeal of militant groups. The establishment of the National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA) in 2009 was a step towards creating a centralized body to coordinate counter-terrorism efforts. Additionally, the government has introduced various educational reforms to modernize madrassas (Islamic schools) and integrate them into the mainstream educational system, aiming to reduce the radicalization of youth.
The counter-effects of sponsoring terrorism by Pakistan are profound and multifaceted, impacting the nation domestically, regionally, and globally. While the initial intention might have been to achieve strategic objectives, the repercussions have proven to be detrimental to Pakistan’s stability, economy, governance, and international standing. Addressing these challenges requires a sustained commitment to counter-terrorism, comprehensive reforms, and constructive engagement with the international community to foster peace and stability in the region.
